fix(localization): remove HTML tags from all translated strings

Replace <br/> tags with em dashes and strip all other HTML tags
(keeping their text content) across all 25 locale files.

Assisted-by: claude-sonnet-4-6 via Claude Code
Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net>

lib/localization/locales/en.json

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
   "ai_companies_explanation": "You are seeing this because the administrator of this website has set up Anubis to protect the server against the scourge of AI companies aggressively scraping websites. This can and does cause downtime for the websites, which makes their resources inaccessible for everyone.",
   "anubis_compromise": "Anubis is a compromise. Anubis uses a Proof-of-Work scheme in the vein of Hashcash, a proposed proof-of-work scheme for reducing email spam. The idea is that at individual scales the additional load is ignorable, but at mass scraper levels it adds up and makes scraping much more expensive.",
   "hack_purpose": "Ultimately, this is a placeholder solution so that more time can be spent on fingerprinting and identifying headless browsers (EG: via how they do font rendering) so that the challenge proof of work page doesn't need to be presented to users that are much more likely to be legitimate.",
-  "simplified_explanation": "This is a measure against bots and malicious requests similar to a CAPTCHA. However, instead of having to do work yourself, your browser is given a calculation task that it has to solve to ensure that it is a valid client. This concept is called <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_work\">Proof of Work</a>. The task is calculated in a few seconds and you are granted access to the website. Thank you for your understanding and patience.",
+  "simplified_explanation": "This is a measure against bots and malicious requests similar to a CAPTCHA. However, instead of having to do work yourself, your browser is given a calculation task that it has to solve to ensure that it is a valid client. This concept is called Proof of Work. The task is calculated in a few seconds and you are granted access to the website. Thank you for your understanding and patience.",
   "jshelter_note": "Please note that Anubis requires the use of modern JavaScript features that plugins like JShelter will disable. Please disable JShelter or other such plugins for this domain.",
   "version_info": "This website is running Anubis version",
   "try_again": "Try again",
@@ -49,12 +49,12 @@
   "js_web_workers_error": "Your browser doesn't support web workers (Anubis uses this to avoid freezing your browser). Do you have a plugin like JShelter installed?",
   "js_cookies_error": "Your browser doesn't store cookies. Anubis uses cookies to determine which clients have passed challenges by storing a signed token in a cookie. Please enable storing cookies for this domain. The names of the cookies Anubis stores may vary without notice. Cookie names and values are not part of the public API.",
   "js_context_not_secure": "Your context is not secure!",
-  "js_context_not_secure_msg": "Try connecting over HTTPS or let the admin know to set up HTTPS. For more information, see <a href=\"https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/Secure_Contexts#when_is_a_context_considered_secure\">MDN</a>.",
+  "js_context_not_secure_msg": "Try connecting over HTTPS or let the admin know to set up HTTPS. For more information, see MDN.",
   "js_calculating": "Calculating...",
   "js_missing_feature": "Missing feature",
   "js_challenge_error": "Challenge error!",
   "js_challenge_error_msg": "Failed to resolve check algorithm. You may want to reload the page.",
-  "js_calculating_difficulty": "Calculating...<br/>Difficulty:",
+  "js_calculating_difficulty": "Calculating...\u2014Difficulty:",
   "js_speed": "Speed:",
   "js_verification_longer": "Verification is taking longer than expected. Please do not refresh the page.",
   "js_success": "Success!",